Straight Line
How can the states in the US have straight line borders?
I'm very curious, because I was looking at the map of the US and I realized the following thing: the state's have straight line borders. How is that possible? Where do they get these straight lines from? Obviously there isn't any line drawn into the ground, so how could that be true?
I was curious about the same things you are, and also about what seemed "strange" features -- like why do Oklahoma, Maryland, and others have panhandles; why does southern Connecticut jut into New York; and why does the southern boundary of Michigan jog at the juncture with Ohio and Indiana?
On amazon.com I found a neat little book that answers all these questions -- "State and National Boundaries of the United States" by Gary Alden Smith (2004). Whatever I paid for it, it was well worth the price, because I look at it often.
Most of the state and national boundaries are either straight lines, or they follow rivers, watersheds, the ridges of mountain ranges, or the projection of an ocean shoreline. The straight lines, which you ask about, are frequently north-south meridians or east-west parallels, but occasionally slanted, as the lower portion of the boundary between California and Nevada.
State boundaries were fixed by the U.S. Congress when the state was admitted to the Union. International boundaries with Canada and Mexico were established by treaty. Historically, some of the state boundaries have their roots in international treaties. The western boundary of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and the northern boundary of the 1819 acquisition of Florida are examples of this.
California is a good example for answering your question. It has four straight lines and two squiggly lines. The Pacific Ocean bounds it on the west. An 1819 treaty with Spain (which at the time owned California, which was then part of Mexico) established the "Adams-Onis Line" at the 42nd parallel. Today, this is the northern boundary between California and Oregon.
When California was ready for statehood in 1849, some wanted an eastern boundary along the line of the Sierra Nevada; others wanted California to extend as far as the Rocky Mountains. As a compromise, they settled on a vertical line along the 120th meridian from the Oregon border (42nd parallel) down to the 39th parallel -- a point in the middle of Lake Tahoe.
From that point they ran a slanted line to where the 35th parallel meets the Colorado River, and then the boundary with Arizona follows that squiggly river down to the Mexican border.
If you look at a map of California, that slanted line makes some sense. From Cape Mendocino in the north down to the Mexican border, the California coastline tends toward the southeast. The slanted border with Nevada roughly parallels that coastline so that the east-west width of the state is approximately the same everywhere from north to south.
The border with Mexico results from the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican-American War. The border runs from the confluence of the Colorado and Gila Rivers (Yuma, Arizona) to a point on the ocean just south of San Diego Bay.
California is just one fairly comprehensive example of how states get straight and squiggly borders. Lots of states have similar stories, but you get the idea.
Every woman wants to feel and look great. Some women want to look good for their husbands or boyfriends, some for strangers they don't even know and some want it for themselves. The reasons might be different but they can't achieve it without some right body shape fashion tips. I think I can speak for most women and say that one of the most difficult things in our lives is to accept our bodies the way they are, especially when they are not perfect. And usually they're not. But when you can achieve that and find inner peace between you and your body, you'll stop stressing out about your size and start to concentrate on more important things in your life.
The first step to achieve that is to find out what body shape you are and then use mine great body shape fashion tips to disguise your flaws and show the best assets of your body. There are four common body shapes – pear, apple, hourglass and rectangle. Probably the most common type is pear.
Pears have their upper body smaller than lower and when they gain weight it usually goes to their hips and thighs. Because the lower body is larger than the upper one, it's important for pears to find a balance between the two. So if your body shape is pear you should wear fitted tops in bright and light colours with different prints and to make your hips and legs look slimmer you should wear A – line or flared skirts.
If you prefer jeans you should wear wide – leg or straight legged jeans in darker colours. Another great fashion tip from mine body shape fashion tips is that if you want to bring attention to your neck and face rather then to your hips, you should wear necklaces and earrings. Apples have their upper body larger than lower and if they gain weight it usually goes to their waistline. So it's important to draw attention from your waist to your legs. So wear jeans that have a flat front and have back pockets that can give a little bit of curve to your flatter rear.
You should stay away from jeans that are too tight as they will make you look even bigger on the top. If you prefer skirts, wear A – line skirts or short skirts that are 1 to 5 inches above the knee. The tops you shouldn't wear with those jeans and skirts are dark tops with too many patterns. And because apples have larger breast don't forget that very important is the right bra. If you're lucky enough to have an hourglass figure, you've found a balance that most of us, especially pears, are looking for. Because your shoulders and curvy hips are equal in size, you don't have to be afraid of patterns and you should go for tops with V – neck and wear some stretch denim jeans with larger hips and smaller waist.
As for skirts you should wear ¾ length or full length skirts. Probably the most valuable of all body shape fashion tips for women with an hourglass figure is – don't hide your body by wearing some baggy clothes. If you have a rectangle figure you definitely have great legs and you should show them by wearing jeans with a low – rise and with back pockets that will make your bottom look fuller. Or you can wear pencil, A – lined or flared skirts.
Because your figure is straight up and down you shouldn't wear vertical patterns as they will make you look even thinner, but rather wear scoop neck or V – neck tops that will make you look curvier. We are all different in the way we look but we have one thing in common, we always find something we don't like about our bodies. So make the first step to change and find out what your body shape is and use mine body shape fashion tips as they can help you to take the focus of your problem areas and emphasize what is positive on your body.
They can even save your time when shopping, as quite often we buy clothes that are unflattering for our figure because they don't have the right cut, colour or print. And there's another aspect where mine body shape fashion tips can be very useful. They can help you to become more confident, because the way you feel determines the way you look.
So feel confident and it definitely will show. Sue Clark has found out while writing this article that her body shape is pear and has started to use the above mentioned body shape fashion tips to buy the right clothes for her body. And she feels great and confident and wants to help other women to achieve the same. So find out what body shape you are and use our body shape fashion tips to disguise your flaws and show the best assets of your body. If you are looking for more articles and maybe some great outfit follow this link - http://branded-clothes-4u.co.uk
Straight Line Stitch "Black Veil"
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Straight Line [VHS] $1.95 ... |
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